A Comparative Evaluation of Microbiological Quality and Nutritional Composition of Indigenous Complementary Foods and Commercial Infant Formulas in Kano State

Ruqayyah, A.U., Aisha, K. and Saddika, M.U.

Department of Microbiology, Bayero University, Kano

*Corresponding author’s Email: Muhsina1907@gmail.com, doi.org/10.55639/607.02010055


ABSTRACT

Complementary foods are vital in infant nutrition, especially in regions where malnutrition and foodborne illnesses are prevalent. In Kano, Nigeria, indigenous complementary foods are widely consumed due to affordability and cultural acceptance, yet concerns remain about their nutritional adequacy and microbiological safety. This study compared three indigenous complementary foods and three commercial infant formulas sold in Tarauni Local Government Area. Microbiological analyses assessed aerobic mesophilic bacterial and fungal counts, coliform presence, and pathogen identification using standard methods. Nutritional evaluation covered proximate, mineral, and vitamin content. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA at p<0.05. Results showed higher microbial loads in indigenous samples (up to 1.08×10⁷ CFU/mL bacteria and 1.11×10⁷ CFU/mL fungi) compared to commercial formulas (as low as 1.0×10³ CFU/mL), with pathogenic bacteria like E. coli, S. aureus, and Shigella spp. present. Commercial formulas had significantly higher calcium (up to 228 mg), potassium (540 mg), vitamin A (650 μg), and vitamin D (90 μg), while indigenous foods showed lower levels, especially of fat-soluble vitamins. The findings underscore a critical safety and nutritional gap. It is recommended that local food vendors be trained on hygienic handling practices, and that indigenous complementary foods undergo nutrient fortification, better drying techniques, and regulatory oversight. Enhancing these aspects can improve the nutritional adequacy and safety of traditional weaning foods, supporting infant health and development.

Keywords:

Complementary foods,
Infant formulas,
Microbiological quality