Effect of Extraction Methods on Phytochemical Constituents of Moringa Oleifera

1*Said, A.A. 2Bukar, A. and 3Mukhtar, M.D.

2,3Department of Microbiology Bayero University, Kano
Correspondence Author Address: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of life Science, Bayero University, Kano.

*Corresponding author’s Email: ahmad.amina@ymail.com, doi.org/10.55639/607.02010073


ABSTRACT

The plant material was sourced from a farm at Rafin Guza, Kawo, Kaduna State identified and extracted using percolation, soxhlet, microwave and ultrasonic extraction methods with water, ethanol, chloroform and hexane as extraction solvents. The extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening both qualitatively and quantitatively for detection of plants metabolites using standard procedures. The most active extract was fractionated and tested against the isolates. A total of 64 extracts were recovered from the plant materials, Leaf (16), Seed (16), Bark (16) and Pod (16) using the four different extraction methods. The results of the extraction showed that Ultrasonic extraction method has the highest percentage recovery (45.2%) followed by Soxhlet (42.5%), percolation (41,6%) then microwave (39.5%) (p = 0.8315). The plant part with the highest percentage recovery is the seed (47.9%) followed by the leaves (45.7%), the bark (43.8%) then lastly the pod (30.2%) with the means significantly different statistically (P = 0.0001). Water has the mean highest percentage recovery with (48.0%) in the seed, followed by ethanol (45.3%) in the leaf, chloroform (37.8%) the bark and lastly hexane (36.5%) the pods with the means significantly different statistically (P = 0.0000) among the four plant parts. Qualitative analysis of the extracts shows the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides phenols. The recovery of phytochemicals recovered by each extraction method shows that percolation recovered the highest number of phytochemicals (84) followed by ultrasonic (80), microwave (76) then soxhlet (76). Alkaloids, saponins and flavonoids were present in all the 64 (100%) extracts, Phenols were present in 63(98%), tannins 53(82%), steroids 36(56%) and the least glycosides 10(16%). Quantitative analysis of the extracts shows highest content of alkaloids in percolation (59.45ae/g), Tanins (3.85gae,g) and phenols (35.29gae/g). Ultrasonic extraction recorded the highest content of flavonoid (58.64qe/g), saponin (19.37de/g) and scavenging activity (33.20%). The results clearly prove that extraction method and solvent selected for extraction significantly influences the phytochemical constituents of Moringa oleifera.

Keywords:

Moringa oleifera,
Extraction,
Phytochemical,
Soxhlet